Ader R and Friedman SB 1964 Social factors affecting emotionality and resistance to disease in animals: IV. Differential housing, emotionality, and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in the rat. Psychological Reports 15: 535-541
Ader DN, Johnson SB, Huang SW and Riley WJ 1991 Group-size, cage shelf level, and emotionality in nonobese diabetic mice Impact on onset and incidence of IDDM. Psychosomatic Medicine 53: 313-321
Agass K and Ruffle I 2005 A refinement in guinea pig housing within the laboratory environment. Animal Technology and Welfare 4: 51-52
Ågren G, Zhou Q and Zhong W 1989 Ecology and social behaviour of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus, at Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China. Animal Behaviour 37: 11-27
Ambrose N and Morton DB 2000 The use of cage enrichment to reduce male mouse aggression. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 3: 117-125
Andervont HB 1944 Influence of environment on mammary cancer in mice. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 4: 579-581
Animal Welfare Act (Animal Welfare Act as of May 13, 2002)
2002 United States Code, Title 7, Chapter 54, Sections 2131-2159.
U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC
http://cofcs66.aphis.usda.gov:80/ac/awapdf.pdf
Anthony A, Ackerman E and Lloyd JA 1959 Noise stress in laboratory rodents: I. Behavioral and endocrine response of mice, rats and guinea pigs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 31: 1430-1436
Anthony A and Harclerode JE 1959 Noise stress in laboratory rodents: II. Effects of chronic noise exposure on sexual performance and reproductive function of guinea pigs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 31: 1437-1440
Anthony A 1963 Criteria for acoustics in animal housing. Laboratory Animal Care [Laboratory Animal Science] 13: 340-347
Anzaldo AJ, Harrison PC,
Riskowski GL, Sebek LA, Maghirang R, Stricklin WR and Gonyou HW 1994 Increasing welfare of laboratory
rats with the help of spatially enhanced cages. Animal Welfare
Information Center (AWIC) Newsletter 5(3): 1-2 & 5
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v5n3/5n3anzal.htm
Anzaldo AJ, Harrison PC, Riskowski GL, Sebek LA, Maghirang R, Stricklin WR and Gonyou HW 1995 Behavioral evaluation of spatially enhanced caging for laboratory rats at high density. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 34(1): 56-60
Arellano PE, Pijoan C, Jacobson LD and Algers B 1992 Stereotyped behaviour, social interactions and suckling pattern of pigs housed in groups or in single crates. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 35: 157-166
Armario A, Castellanos JM and Balsch J 1985 Chronic noise stress and insulin secretion in male rats. Physiology and Behavior 34: 359-361
Armstrong KR, Clark TR and Peterson MR 1998 Use of cornhusk nesting material to reduce aggression in caged mice. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 37(4): 64-66
Arnold CE and Estep DQ 1990 Effects of housing on social preference and behaviour in male golden hamsters (Mesocericetus auratus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 27: 253-261
Arnold CE and Estep DQ 1994 Laboratory caging preference in golden hamsters (Mesocericetus auratus). Laboratory Animals 28: 232-238
Arnold CE and Gillaspy S 1994 Assessing laboratory life for Golden Hamsters: Social preference, caging selection, and human interaction. Lab Animal 23(2): 34-37
Arnold CE and Westbrook RD 1997/1998 Enrichment in group-housed
laboratory golden hamsters. Animal Welfare Information Center
(AWIC) Newsletter 8(3/4): 22-24
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v8n3/8n3arnol.htm
Aschoff J 1960 Exogenous and endogenous components in circadian rhythms. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology 25: 11-28
Baenninger LP 1967 Comparison of behavioural development in socially isolated and grouped rats. Animal Behaviour 15: 312-323
Balcombe JP, Barnard ND and Sandusky C 2004 Laboratory routines cause animal stress. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 43(6): 42-51
Baldock NM and Sibly RM 1990 Effects of handling and transportation on the heart rate and behaviour of sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28: 15-39
Baldwin DR, Wilcox ZC and Baylosis RC 1995 Impact of differential housing on humoral immunity following exposure to an acute stressor in rats. Physiology and Behavior 57: 649-653
Banjanin S, Barley J, Bell
L, Cunneen M, Johnston I, Quintero I, Weilemann R and Reinhardt
V 2004 Environmental
enrichment for guinea pigs: A Discussion by the Laboratory Animal
Refinement & Enrichment Forum. Animal Technology and Welfare
3: 161-163
http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/atw5.html
Banjanin S and Mrosovsky N 2000 Preference of mice, Mus musculus, for different types of running wheel. Laboratory Animals 34: 313-318
Barrett AM and Stockham MA 1996 The effect of housing conditions and simple experimental procedures upon corticosterone level in the plasma of rats. Journal of Endocrinology 26: 97-105
Batchelor GR 1991 Group housing on floor pens and environmental enrichment in sandy lop rabbits. Animal Technology 42: 109-120
Bazille PG, Walden SD, Koniar BL and Gunther R 2001 Commercial cotton nesting material as a predisposing factor for conjunctivitis in athymic nude mice. Lab Animal 30(5): 40-42
Beer R and Sachser N 1992 Sozialstruktur und Wohlergehen in Männchengruppen des Hausmeerschweinchens. KTBL-Schrift 351: 158-167
Belayev A, Saul I, Liu Y, Zhao W, Ginsberg MD, Valdes MA, Busto R and Belayev L 2003 Enriched environment delays the onset of hippocampal damage after global cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Research 21: 121-127
Bellhorn RW 1980 Lighting in the animal environment. Laboratory Animal Science 30: 440-450
Belz EE, Kennell JS, Czambel RK, Rubin RT and Rhodes ME 2003 Environmental enrichment lowers stress-responsive hormones in singly housed male and female rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 76: 481-486
Benaroya-Milshtein N, Hollander N, Apter A, Kukulansky T, Raz N, Wilf A, Yaniv I and Pick CG 2004 Environmental enrichment in mice decreases anxiety, attenuates stress responses and enhances natural killer cell activity. European Journal of Neuroscience 20: 1341-1347
Bentson KL, Capitanio JP and Mendoza SP 2003 Cortisol responses to immobilization with Telazol or ketamine in baboons (Papio cynocephalus/anubis) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Medical Primatology 32: 148-160
Bergmann P, Militzere K and Büttner D 1994/95 Environmental enrichment and aggressive behaviour: Influence on body weight and body fat in male inbred HLG mice. Journal of Experimental Animal Science 37: 69-78
Berthelsen H and Hansen LT 1999 The effect of hay on the behaviour of caged rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Animal Welfare 8: 149-157
Bevan WJr, Hard JS and Seal US 1951 Sound-induced seizures in rats fed an aminoacid deficient diet. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 44: 327-332
Bigler, L and Lehmann, M 1991 Schlußbericht über die Prüfung der Tiergerechtheit eines Festwandkäfigs für Hauskaninchen-Zibben. Bundesamt für Veterinärwesen (Bericht): Bern, Switzerland
Bigler L and Oester H 1994 Paarhaltung nicht reproduzierender Zibben im Käfig. Berliner und Münchner tierärztliche Wochenschrift 107: 202-205
Blanchard DC, Spencer R, Weiss SM, Blanchard RJ, McEwen BS and Sakai RR 1995 The visible burrow system as a model of chronic social stress: Behavioural and neuroendocrine correlates. Psychoneuroendocrinology 20: 117-134
Blom, HJM, van Tintelen, G, Baumans, V and Beynen, AC 1993 Comparison of sawdust bedding and wire mesh as cage flooring in preference tests with laboratory rats. Ph.D. Thesis, Utrecht University: Utrecht, The Netherlands
Blom HJM, van Tintelen G and van Vorstenbosch CJAHV 1996 Preferences of mice and rats for types of bedding material. Laboratory Animals 30: 234-244
Boice R 1977 Burrows of wild and albino rats: Effects of domestication, outdoor raising, age, experience, and maternal state. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 91: 649-661
Bolam S 2005 Multiple housing of male CD-1 mice for toxicological studies. Animal Technology and Welfare 4: 86-87
Bonnichsen M, Dragsted N and Hansen AK 2005 The welfare impact of gavaging laboratory rats. Animal Welfare 14: 223-227
Bovard EW 1959 The effects of social stimuli on response to stress. The Psychological Review 66: 267-277
Bradshaw AL and Poling A 1991 Choice by rats for enriched versus standard home cages: Plastic pipes, wood platforms, wood chips, and paper towels as enrichment items. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 55: 245-250
Brockway BP, Hassler CR and Hicks N 1993 Minimizing stress during physiological monitoring. In: Niemi SM and Willson JE (eds) Refinement and Reduction in Animal Testing pp 56-69. Scientists Center for Animal Welfare: Bethesda, MD
Brooks DL, Huls W, Leamon C, Thomson J, Parker J and Twomey S 1993 Cage enrichment for female New Zealand White rabbits. Lab Animal 22(5): 30-38
Brown GM and Martin JB 1974 Corticosterone, prolactin, and growth hormone responses to handling and new environment in the rat. Psychosomatic Medicine 36: 241-247
Brown KJ and Grunberg NE 1995 Effects of housing on male and female rats: Crowding stresses males but calms females. Physiology and Behavior 58: 1085-1089
Brummer H 1975 Trichophagie eine Verhaltensstörung bei Kaninchen. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 82: 350-351
Buhot-Averseng MC 1981 Nest-box choice in the laboratory mice: Preference for nest-boxes differing in design (size and/or shape) and composition. Behavioural Processes 6: 337-384
Cabib S, Algeri S and Puglisi-Allegora S 1990 Behavioral and biochemical changes monitored in two inbred strains of mice during exploration of an unfamiliar environment. Physiology and Behavior 47: 749-753
Calhoun, JG 1962 The Ecology and Sociology of the Norway Rat. HEW Public Health Service: Bethesda, MD
Callard MD, Bursten SN and Price EO 2000 Repetitive backflipping behaviour in captive roof rats (Rattus rattus) and the effect of cage enrichment. Animal Welfare 9: 139-152
Cambardella P, Greco AM, Sticchi R, Bellotti R and Di Renzo G 1994 Individual housing modulates daily rhythms of hypothalamic catecholaminergic system and circulating hormones in adult male rats. Chronobiology International 11: 213-221
Carder B and Berkowitz K 1970 Rats' preference for earned in comparison with free food. Science 167: 1273-1274
Carlton DL and Richards W 2002 Affordable noise control in a laboratory animal facility. Lab Animal 31(1): 47-48
Chamove AS 1989 Cage design reduces emotionality in mice. Laboratory Animals 23: 215-219
Chamove AS, Anderson JR and Nash VJ 1984 Social and environmental influences on self-aggression in monkeys. Primates 25: 319-325
Chance MRA 1947 Factors influencing the toxicity of sympathomimetic amines to solitary mice. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 89: 289-296
Chapillon P, Manneché C, Belzung C and Caston J 1999 Rearing environmental enrichment in two inbred strains of mice: 1. Effects on emotional reactivity. Behavior Genetics 29: 41-46
Chmiel DJ and Noonan M 1996 Preference of laboratory rats for potentially enriching stimulus objects. Laboratory Animals 30: 97-101
Christenson GA and Mansueto CS 1999 Trichotillomania: Descriptive characteristics and phenomenology. In: Stein DJ, Christenson GA and Hollander E (eds) Trichotillomania pp 1-41. American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC
Chu L, Garner JP and Mench JA 2004 A behavioral comparison of New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) housed individually or in pairs in conventional laboratory cages. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85: 121-139
Clough G 1982 Environmental effects on animals used in biomedical research. Biological Reviews 57: 487-523
Clough G and Donnelly HT 1984 Light intensity influences the oestrous cycle of LACA mice. In: The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (ed) Standards in Laboratory Animal Management 60. The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare: Potters Bar, UK
Coe CL, Franklin D, Smith ER and Levine S 1982 Hormonal responses accompanying fear and agitation in the squirrel monkey. Physiology and Behavior 29: 1051-1057
Coelho AM, Carey KD and Shade RE 1991 Assessing the effects of social environment on blood pressure and heart rates of baboons. American Journal of Primatology 23: 257-267
Collier GH, Johnson DE, Cybulski KA and McHale CA 1990 Activity patterns of rats (Rattus norvegicus) as a function of the cost of access to four resources. Journal of Comparative Psychology 104: 53-65
Conger JJ, Sawrey WL and Turrell ES 1957 An experimental investigation of the role of social experience in the production of gastric ulcers in hooded rats. American Psychologist 12: 410
Coviello-Mclaughlin GM and Starr SJ 1997 Rodent enrichment devices evaluation of preference and efficacy. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 36(6): 66-68
Damon EG, Eidson AF, Hobbs CH and Hahn FF 1986 Effect of acclimation to caging on nephrotoxic response of rats to uranium. Laboratory Animal Science 36: 24-27
Davis DE, Bennett CL, Berkson G, Lang CM, Snyder RL and Pick JR 1973 Recommendations for a standardized minimum description of animal treatment. ILAR [Institute for Laboratory Animal Research] Journal 16(4): 3-4
Davis H and Pérusse R 1988 Human-based social interaction can reward a rat's behavior. Animal Learning and Behavior 16: 89-92
Davitz JR and Mason DJ 1955 Socially facilitated reduction of a fear response in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 48: 149-151
Dean SW 1999 Environmental enrichment of laboratory animals used in regulatory toxicology studies. Laboratory Animals 33: 309-327
DeLuca AM 1997 Environmental enrichment: Does
it reduce barbering in mice? Animal Welfare Information Center
[AWIC] Newsletter 8(2): 7-8
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v8n2/8n2deluc.htm
Diamond, MC 1988 Enriching Heredity. The Free Press: New York, NY
Diamond MC 2001 Response of the brain to enrichment. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 73: 211-220
Diamond MC, Krech D and Rosenzweig MR 1964 The effects of an enriched environment on the rat cerebral cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology 123: 111-119
Diamond MC, Rosenzweig MR, Bennett EL, Lindner B and Lyon L 1972 Effects of environmental enrichment and impoverishment on rat cerebral cortex. Journal of Neurobiology 3: 47-64
Dimeo D, Mitchell S 2005 Foot sore development comparison data and the use of gauze for rats housed in wire-bottomed caging. AALAS [American Association for Laboratory Animal Science] 56th National Meeting Official Program: 103
Dobrakovavá J and Jurcovicova J 1984 Corticosterone and prolactin response to repeated handling and transfer of male rats. Experimental Clinical Endocrinology 5: 21-27
Drozdowicz CK, Bowman TA, Webb ML and Lang CM 1990 Effect of in-house transport on murine plasma corticosterone concentration and blood lymphocyte population. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51: 1841-1846
Duke JL, Zammit TG and Lawson DM 2001b Behavioral and CV responses of female Sprague-Dawley rats to common husbandry and experimental procedures: Lack of effect of the estrous cycle. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 40(4): 92
Duke JL, Zammit TG and Lawson DM 2001a The effects of routine cage-changing on cardiovascular and behavioral parameters in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 40(1): 17-20
Edgar JL 2004 The Effect of Mirrors on the Behaviour of Singly Housed Male and Female Laboratory Rabbits. M.S. Thesis, University of Edinburgh: Roslin, UK
Ehlers CL, Kaneko WM, Owens MJ and Nemeroff CB 1993 Effects of gender and social isolation on electroencephalogram and neuroendocrine parameters in rats. Biological Psychiatry 33: 358-366
Einstein R, Rowan C, Billing R and Lavidis N 2000 The use of telemetry to refine experimental technique. In: Balls M, Van Zeller AM and Halder ME (eds) Progress in the Reduction, Refinement and Replacement of Animal Experimentation pp 1187-1197. Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Elvidge H, Challis JRG, Robinson JS, Roper C and Thorburn GD 1976 Influence of handling and sedation on plasma cortisol in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Endocrinology 70: 325-326
Emond M, Faubert S and Perkins M 2003 Social conflict reduction program for male mice. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 42(5): 24-26
Epley SW 1974 Reduction of the behavioral effects of aversive stimulation by the presence of companions. Psychological Bulletin 81: 271-283
Erwin J 1977 Factors influencing aggressive behavior and risk of trauma in the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Laboratory Animal Science 27: 541-547
Erwin J and Deni R 1979 Strangers in a strange land: Abnormal behavior or abnormal environments? In: Erwin J, Maple T and Mitchell G (eds) Captivity and Behavior pp. 1-28. Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, NY
Eskola S and Kaliste-Korhonen E 1998 Effects of cage type and gnawing blocks on weight gain, organ weights and open-field behaviour in Wistar rats. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 25: 180-193
Eskola S and Kaliste-Korhonen E 1999 Aspen wood-wool is preferred as a resting place, but does not affect intracage fighting in male BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice. Laboratory Animals 33: 108-121
Eskola S, Lauhikari M, Voipio H-M and Nevalainen T 1999 The use of aspen blocks and tubes to enrich the cage environment of laboratory rats. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 26: 1-10
Euker JS, Meites J and Riegle GD 1975 Effects of acute stress on serum LH and prolactin in intact, castrate and dexamethasone-treated male rats. Endocrinology 96: 85-92
European Economic Community 1986 Council Directive 86/609 on the
Approximation of Laws, Regulations, and Administrative Provisions
Regarding the Protection of Animals Used for Experimental and
Other Scientific Purposes. Official Journal of the European
Communities L358 : 1-6
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/search/search_lif.html
Farrell R, Evans S and Corbett D 2001 Environmental enrichment enhances recovery of function but exacerbates ischemic cell death. Neuroscience 107: 585-592
Fenske M 1990 Influence of new housing conditions on physiological and endocrine parameters in male adult guinea pigs. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für allgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere 94: 43-53
Fenske M 1992 Body weight and water intake of guinea pigs: Influence of single caging and an unfamiliar new room. Journal of Experimental Animal Science 35: 71-79
Foulkes A 2004 Do laboratory rats benefit from
more cage space? AWI [Animal Welfare Institute] Quarterly 53(3):
18-19
http://www.awionline.org/pubs/Quarterly/04-53-3/533p18.htm
Fredericson E 1953 The wall-seeking tendency in three inbred mouse strains (Mus musculus). Journal of Genetic Psychology 82: 143-146
Friedman SB and Ader R 1967 Adrenocortical response to novelty and noxious stimulation. Neuroendocrinology 2: 209-212
Fullerton PM and Gilliatt RW 1965 Changes in nerve conduction in caged guinea-pigs. Journal of Physiology 178: 47-48
Fullwood S, Hicks TA, Brown
JC, Norman RL and McGlone JJ
1998 Floor space needs for laboratory mice: C57BL/6 males in solid-bottom
cages with bedding. ILAR [Institute for Laboratory Animal Research]
Journal 39(1): 29-36
http://dels.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/39_1/39_1Floor.shtml
Gärtner K, Büttner D, Döhler R, Friedel J, Lindema J and Trautschold I 1980 Stress response of rats to handling and experimental procedures. Laboratory Animals 14: 267-274
Galef JrBG and Durlach P 1993 Should large rats be housed in large cages? An empirical issue. Canadian Psychology 34: 203-207
Galef JrBG and Sorge RE 2000 Use of PVC conduits by rats of various strains and ages housed singly and in pairs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 3: 279-292
Gamble MR 1979 Effects of noise on laboratory animals. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London: London, UK
Gamble MR 1982 Sound and its significance for laboratory animals. Biological Reviews 57: 395-421
Gardiner SM and Bennett T 1978 Factors affecting the development of isolation-induced hypertension in rats. Medical Biology 56: 277-281
Garner JP 2005 Stereotypies and other abnormal
repetitive behaviors: Potential impact on validity, reliability,
and replicability of scientific outcomes. ILAR [Institute for
Laboratory Animal Research] Journal 46(2): 106-117
http://dels.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/46_2/html/v4602garner.shtml
Garner JP and Mason GJ 2002 Evidence for a relationship between cage stereotypies and behavioural disinhibition in laboratory rodents. Behavioural Brain Research 136: 83-92
Garner JP, Wayne CM, Würbel H and Mench JA 2003 Barbering (whisker trimming) in laboratory mice involves the same brain systems as compulsive behaviors in trichotillomania, autism and other obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. In: Ferrante V (ed) Proceedings of the 37th International Congress of The International Society for Applied Ethology p 75. Fondazione Iniziative Zooprofilattiche e Zootecniche: Abano Terme, Italy
Garner JP, Dufour B, Gregg LE, Weisker SM and Mench JA 2004 Social and husbandry factors affecting the prevalence and severity of barbering ('whisker trimming') by laboratory mice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 89: 263-282
Gattermann R and Weinandy R 1996 Time of day and stress response to different stressors in experimental animals. Part I: Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse, 1839). Journal of Experimental Animal Science 38: 66-76
Gauthier C 2004 Overview and analysis of animal use in North America. ATLA (Alternatives to Laboratory Animals) 32(Supplement 1): 275-285
Gebhart-Henrich SG, Vonlanthen EM and Steiger A 2005 How does the running wheel affect the behaviour and reproduction of golden hamsters kept as pets? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 95: 199-203
Giralt M and Armario A 1989 Individual housing does not influence the adaptation of the pituitary-adrenal axis and other physiological variables to chronic stress in adult male rats. Physiology and Behavior 45: 477-481
Grant EC and Chance MRA 1958 Rank order in caged rats. Animal Behaviour 6: 183-194
Gray G 1988 Guinea pigs. Humane Innovations and Alternatives
in Animal Experimentation 2: 48-49
http://www.awionline.org/lab_animals/biblio/hiaa-88.html
Gray S and Hurst JL 1995 The effects of cage cleaning on aggression within groups of male laboratory mice. Animal Behaviour 49: 821-816
Green TA, Gehrke BJ and Bardo MT 2002 Environmental enrichment decreases intravenous amphetamine self-administration in rats: Dose-response functions for fixed- and progressive-ratio schedules. Psychopharmacology 162: 373-378
Greenman DL, Bryant P, Kodell RL and Sheldon W 1982 Influence of cage shelf level on retinal atrophy in mice. Laboratory Animal Science 32: 353-356
Greenman DL, Bryant P, Kodell RL and Sheldon W 1983 Relationship of mouse body weight and food consumption/wastage to cage shelf level. Laboratory Animal Science 33: 555-558
Greenman DL, Kodell RL and Sheldon WG 1984 Association between cage shelf level and spontaneous and induced neoplasms in mice. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 73: 107-113
Grover-Johnson N and Spencer PS 1981 Peripheral nerve abnormalities in aging rats. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 40: 155-165
Gunn D and Morton DB 1994 The behaviour of single-caged and group-housed laboratory rabbits. In: Bunyan J (ed) Welfare and science: Proceedings of the Fifth Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations [FELASA] Symposium pp 80-84. Royal Society of Medicine Press: London, UK
Gunn-Dore D 1997 Comfortable quarters for laboratory
rabbits. In: Reinhardt V (ed) Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory
Animals, Eighth Edition pp 46-54. Animal Welfare Institute:
Washington, DC
http://www.awionline.org/pubs/cq/five.pdf
Gunn-Dore D 1999 Wire balls as enrichment for individually caged rabbits. Animal Technology 50: 162-163
Gwinn LA, Krauthauser CL and Kerr JS 1999 Impact of home cage alterations on aggression in mice. AALAS [American Association for Laboratory Animal Science] 50th National Meeting Official Program: 35
Hadley CVD 1927 Transfer experiments with guinea-pigs. British Journal of Psychology 18: 189-224
Haemisch A and Gärtner K 1994 The cage design affects intermale aggression in small groups of male laboratory mice: Strain specific consequences on social organization, and endocrine activations in two inbred strains (DBA/2J and CBA/J). Journal of Experimental Animal Science 36: 101-116
Hamm RJ, Temple MD, O'Dell DM, Pike BR and Lyeth BG 1996 Exposure to environmental complexity promotes recovery of cognitive function after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 13: 41-47
Hansen LT and Berthelsen H 2000 The effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of caged rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 68: 163-178
Harri M, Lindblom J, Malinen H, Hyttinen M, Lapveteläinen T, Eskola S and Helminen H 1999 Effect of access to a running wheel on behaviour of C57BL/6 mice. Laboratory Animal Science 49: 401-405
Harris LD, Custer LB, Soranaka ET, Burge R and Ruble GR 2001 Evaluation of objects and food for environmental enrichment of NZW rabbits. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 40(1): 27-30
Heath M 1999 Preliminary behaviour data for single and pair housed rats. Animal Technology 50: 47-48
Heinzmann V, Jonas I, Hirschenauer K and Havelec L 1998 Choice tests with groups of mice: Nest box, nesting material and tubes as enrichment items for laboratory mice. Journal of Experimental Animal Science 39: 43-60
Held SDE, Turner RJ and Wootton RJ 2001 The behavioural repertoire of non-breeding group-housed female laboratory rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Animal Welfare 10: 437-443
Held SDE, Turner RJ and Wootton RJ 1995 Choices of laboratory rabbits for individual or group-housing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 46: 81-91
Held SDE, Turner RJ and Wootton RJ 1994 Effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of group-housed New Zealand White and Dutch X Californian laboratory rabbits. In: Bunyan J (ed) Welfare and Science, Proceedings of the Fifth FELASA Symposium pp 358-360. Royal Society of Medicine Press: London, UK
Henderson ND 1970 Brain weight increases resulting from environmental enrichment: A directional dominance in mice. Science 169: 776-778
Herreid CF and Schlenker EH 1980 Energetics of mice in stable and unstable social conditions: Evidence of an air-borne factor affecting metabolism. Animal Behaviour 28: 20-28
Hirsjärvi PA 1994 Effect of cage height and environmental enrichment on rat's behaviour. In: Bunyan J (ed) Welfare and Science, Proceedings of the Fifth FELASA [Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations] Symposium pp 343-344. Royal Society of Medicine Press: London, UK
Hirsjärvi PA and Junnila MA 1988 The effects of gentling on open-field behaviour of rats. In: Beynen AC and Solleveld HA (eds) New Developments in Biosciences: Their Implications for Laboratory Animal Science pp 399-403. Marinus Nijhoff: Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Hirsjärvi PA and Valiaho T 1995 Gentled and nonhandled Wistar rats in a mildly nvoel open-field situation. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 22: 265-269
Hobbs A, Kozubal W and Nebiar FF 1997 Evaluation of objects for environmental enrichment of mice. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 36(3): 69-71
Hockly E, Cordery PM, Woodman B, Mahal A, van Dellen A, Blakemore C, Lewis CM, Hannan AJ and Bates GP 2002 Enrichment slows disease progression in R6/2 Huntington's disease mice. Annals of Neurology 51: 235-242
Home Office 1989 Animals (Scientific Procedures)
Act 1986. Code of Practice for the Housing and Care of Animals
Used in Scientific Procedures. Her Majesty's Stationery Office:
London, UK
http://scienceandresearch.homeoffice.gov.uk/animalresearch/legislation/codesofpractice/housing-care
Howard B, Wortley M and Kay R 1999 Rabbit enclosures structure and space. Animal Technology 50: 156-157
Huang-Brown KM and Guhad FA 2002 Chocolate, an effective means of oral drug delivery in rats. Lab Animal 31(10): 34-36
Huls WL, Brooks DL and Bean-Knudsen D 1991 Response of adult New Zealand white rabbits to enrichment objects and pair-housing. Laboratory Animal Science 41: 609-612
Hurst JL 1990 Urine marking in populations of wild house mice, Mus domesticus rutti: I. Communications between males. Animal Behaviour 40: 209-222
Hurst JL, Barnard CJ, Hare R, Wheeldone EB and West CD 1996 Housing and welfare in laboratory rats: Time-budgeting and pathophysiology in single-sex groups. Animal Behaviour 52: 335-360
Hurst JL, Barnard CJ, Tolladay U, Nevison CM and West CD 1999 Housing and welfare in laboratory rats: Effects of cage stocking density and behavioural predictors of welfare. Animal Behaviour 58: 563-586
Ickes BR, Pham TM, Sanders LA, Albeck DS, Mohammed AH and Granholm AC 2000 Long-term environmental enrichment leads to regional increase in neurotrophin levels in rat brain. Experimental Neurology 164: 45-52
Inglis IR, Forkmann B and Lazarus J 1997 Free food or earned food? A review and fuzzy model of contrafreeloading. Animal Behaviour 53: 1171-1191
Institute for Laboratory
Animal Research 1992
Recognition and alleviation of pain and distress in laboratory
animals. National Academy Press: Washington, DC
http://books.nap.edu/books/0309042755/html/index.html
Iturrian WB and Fink GB 1968 Effect of noise in the animal house on seizure susceptibility and growth of mice. Laboratory Animal Care 18: 557-560
Jansen PE, Goodman ED, Jowaisas D and Bunnell BN 1969 Paper as a positive reinforcer for acquisition of a barpress response by the golden hamster. Psychonomic Science 16: 113-114
Jegstrup IM and Ritskes-Hoitinga M 2004 Behavioural and welfare benefits using environmental enrichment for social housed rats. Proceedings of the 8th FELASA [Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations] Symposium: 38-42
Jegstrup IM, Vestergaard R, Vach W and Ritskes-Hoitinga M 2005 Nest-building behaviour in male rats from three inbred strains: BN/HsdCpb, BDIX/OrIIco and LEW/Mol. Animal Welfare 14: 149-156
Johansson BB 1996 Environmental influence on outcome after experimental brain infarction. Acta Neurochirurgica: Supplementum 66: 63-67
Johnson CA, Pallozzi WA, Geiger L, Szumiloski JL, Castiglia L, Dahl NP, Destefano JA, Pratt SJ, Hall SJ, Beare CM, Gallagher M and Klein HJ 2003 The effect of an environmental enrichment device on individually caged rabbits in a safety assessment facility. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 42(5): 27-30
Johnson CV, Wismer M, Francis J, Seeburger G, Cunningham P, Parlapiano A, Hora D, Kath G, Hayden C, Gardener M, Benyak C and Feeney W 2005 Noise assessment of multiple floor surfaces within an animal facility. AALAS [American Association for Laboratory Animal Science] 56th National Meeting Official Program: 102
Johnson SR, Patterson-Kane EG and Niel L 2004 Foraging enrichment for laboratory rats. Animal Welfare 13: 305-312
Jones RB and Nowell NW 1973 The effects of familiar visual and olfactory cues on the aggression behavior of mice. Physiology and Behavior 10: 221-223
Jones RB and Nowell NW 1975 Effects of clean and soiled sawdust substrates and of different urine types upon aggressive behavior in male mice. Aggressive Behavior 1: 111-121
Jones RB and Merry BJ 1988 Individual or paired exposure of domestic chicks to an open field: Some behavioural and adrenocortical consequences. Behavioural Processes 16: 75-86
Jones RB, Blokhuis HJ, de Jong IC, Keeling LJ, McAdie TM and Preisinger R 2004 Feather pecking in poultry: The application of science in a search for practical solutions. Animal Welfare 13(Supplement): 215-219
Jones SE and Phillips CJC 2005 The effect of mirrors on the welfare of caged rabbits. Animal Welfare 14: 195-202
Kalagassy EB, Carbone LG and Houpt KA 1999 Effect of castration on rabbits housed in littermate pairs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 2: 111-121
Kaliste E 2004 Preface. In: Kaliste E (ed) The Welfare of Laboratory Animals Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Kaliste-Korhonen E, Eskola S, Rekilä T and Nevalainen T 1995 Effects of gnawing material, group size and cage level in rack on Wistar rats. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science 22: 291-299
Kawachi I and Berkman LF 2001 Social ties and mental health. Journal of Urban Health 78: 458-467
Kesel ML 1995 Guinea pigs. In: Rollin BE and Kesel ML (eds) The Experimental Animal in Biomedical Research, Volume II - Care, Husbandry, and Well-Being pp 335-350. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL
Kessel AL and Brent L 1998 Cage toys reduce abnormal behavior in individually housed pigtail macaques. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 1: 227-234
Key D and Hewett A 2002 Developing and testing a novel cage insert, the "Mouse House", designed to enrich the lives of laboratory mice without adversely affecting the science. Animal Technology and Welfare 1: 55-64
Kingston SG and Hoffman-Goetz L 1996 Effect of environmental enrichment and housing density on immune system reactivity to acute exercise stress. Physiology and Behavior 60: 145-150
Klein SL, Lambert KG, Durr D, Schaefer T and Waring RE 1994 Influence of environmental enrichment and sex on predator stress response in rats. Physiology and Behavior 56: 291-297
Kraft R 1979a Vergleichende Verhaltensstudien an Wild- und Hauskaninchen: I. Das Verhaltensinventar von Wild- und Hauskaninchen. Zeitschrift für Züchtungsbiologie 95: 140-162
Kraft R 1979b Vergleichende Verhaltensstudien an Wild- und Hauskaninchen: II. Quantitative Beobachtungen zum Sozialverhalten. Zeitschrift für Züchtungsbiologie 95: 165-179
Kramer K, van de Weerd H,
Mulder A, Van Heijningen C, Baumans V, Remie R, Voss H-P and Van
Zutphen BFM 2004 Effect
of conditioning on the increase of heart rate and body temperature
provoked by handling in the mouse. ATLA (Alternatives to Laboratory
Animals) 32(Supplement): 177-181
http://www.worldcongress.net/2002/proceedings/B4
Kramer.pdf
Kraus AL, Weisbroth SH and Flatt RE 1994 Biology and disease of rabbits. In: Fox JG, Cohen BJ and Loew FM (eds) Laboratory Animal Medicine pp 207-240. Academic Press: Orlando, FL
Krohn TC, Ritskes-Hoitinga J and Svendsen P 1999 The effect of feeding and housing on the behaviour of the laboratory rabbit. Laboratory Animals 33: 101-107
Krohn TC, Hansen AK and Dragsted N 2003 Telemetry as a method for measuring the impact of housing conditions on rats' welfare. Animal Welfare 12: 53-62
Krulich L, Hefco E, Illner P and Read CB 1974 The effects of acute stress on the secretion of LH, FSH, prolactin and growth hormone in the normal male rat, with comments on their statistical evaluation. Neuroendocrinology 16: 291-311
Kuhnen G 1998 Housing-induced changes in the febrile response of juvenile and adult golden hamsters. Journal of Experimental Animal Science 39: 151-155
Kuhnen G 1999 The effect of cage size and enrichment on core temperature and febrile response of the golden hamster. Laboratory Animals 33: 221-227
Kvetnansky R, Sun CL, Lake CR, Thoa N, Torda T and Kopin IJ 1978 Effect of handling and forced immobilization on rat plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Endocrinology 103: 1868-1874
Lagakos S and Mosteller F 1981 A case study of statistics in the regulatory process: The FD&C Red No. 40 experiments. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 66: 381-399
Lang CM and Vesell ES 1976 Environmental and genetic factors affecting laboratory animals: Impact on biomedical research. Federation Proceedings [Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Federation Proceedings] 35: 1123-1124
Latané B 1969 Gregariousness and fear in laboratory rats. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 5: 61-69
Lawlor MM 1997 The proper care of laboratory
rodents. In: Reinhardt V (ed) Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory
Animals, Eighth Edition pp 15-31. Animal Welfare Institute:
Washington, DC
http://www.awionline.org/pubs/cq/two.pdf
Lawson DM, Churchill PC and Churchill PC 2000 The effects of enrichment on parameters in hypertensive rats. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 39(1): 9-13
Leach MC, Ambrose N, Bowell VJ and Morton DB 2000 The development of a novel form of mouse cage enrichment. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 3: 81-91
Lehmann M 1990 Beschäftigungsbedürfnis bei jungen Hauskaninchen: Rohfaseraufnahme und Tiergerechtigkeit. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 132: 375-381
Lidfors L 1997 Behavioural effects of environmental enrichment for individually caged rabbits. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52: 157-169
Lockard RB 1962 Some effects of maintenance luminance and strain differences upon self-exposure to light by rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55: 1118-1123
Lockett MF 1970 Effect of sound on endocrine function and electrolyte excretion. In: Welch BL and Welch AS (eds) Physiological effects of noise pp 21-42. Plenum Press: New York, NY
Loeffler K, Drescher B and Schulze G 1991 Einfluß unterschiedlicher Haltungsverfahren auf das Verhalten von Versuchs- und Fleischkaninchen [German text with English abstract]. Tierärztliche Umschau 46: 471-478
Love JA 1994 Group Housing: Meeting the physical and social needs of the laboratory rabbit. Laboratory Animal Science 44: 5-11
Love JA and Hammond K 1991 Group-housing rabbits. Lab
Animal 20(8): 37-43
http://www.awionline.org/lab_animals/biblio/la20-8rab.html
Lynch CH and Hegmann JP 1972 Genetic differences influencing behavioural temperature regulation in small mammals: I. Nesting by Mus musculus. Behavior Genetics 2: 43-53
Lyons DM, Price EO and Moberg GP 1988 Social modulation of pituitary-adrenal responsiveness and individual differences in behaviour of young domestic goats. Physiology and Behavior 43: 451-458
Mackintosh JH 1970 Territory formation by laboratory mice. Animal Behaviour 18: 177-183
Maninger N, Kim JH and Ruppenthal GC 1998 The presence of visual barriers decreases agonism in group housed pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina). American Journal of Primatology 45: 193-194
Manosevitz M 1970 Early environmental enrichment and mouse behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 71: 459-466
Manosevitz M and Pryor JB 1975 Cage size as a factor in environmental enrichment. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 89: 648-654
Manser CE, Morris TH and Broom DM 1995 An investigation into the effects of solid or grid cage flooring on the welfare of laboratory rats. Laboratory Animals 29: 353-363
Manser CE, Elliott H, Morris TH and Broom DM 1996 The use of a novel operant test to determine the strength of preference for flooring in laboratory rats. Laboratory Animals 30: 1-6
Manser CE, Broom DM, Overend P and Morris TH 1998a Investigation into the preference of laboratory rats for nest-boxes and nesting materials. Laboratory Animals 32: 23-35
Manser CE, Broom DM, Overend P and Morris TH 1998b Operant studies to determine the strength of preference in laboratory rats for nest-boxes and nesting material. Laboratory Animals 32: 36-41
Marashi V, Barnekow A, Ossendorf E and Sachser N 2003 Effects of different forms of environmental enrichment on behavioral, endocrinological, and immunological parameters in male mice. Hormones and Behavior 43: 281-292
Marr JM, Gnam EC, Calhoun J and Mader JT 1993 A non-stressful alternative to gastric gavage for oral administration of antibiotics in rabbits. Lab Animal 22(2): 47-49
Mason G, Wilson D, Hampton
C and Würbel H
2004 Non-invasively assessing disturbance and stress in laboratory
rats by scoring chromodacryorrhoea. ATLA (Alternatives to Laboratory
Animals) 32: 153-159
http://www.worldcongress.net/2002/proceedings/B2
Mason.pdf
Mattsson B, Sorensen JC, Zimmer J and Johansson BB 1997 Neural grafting to experimental neocortical infarcts improves behavioral outcome and reduces thalamic atrophy in rats housed in enriched but not in standard environments. Stroke 28(6): 1225-1231
McAfee LM, Mills DS and Cooper JJ 2002 The use of mirrors for the control of stereotypic weaving behaviour in the stabled horse. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 78 : 159-173
McClearn GE 1960 Strain differences in activity of mice: Influence of illumination. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 53: 142-143
McClure DE and Thomson JI 1992 Cage enrichment for hamsters housed in suspended wire cages. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 31(4): 33
McCormack K and Megna NL 2001 The effects of privacy walls on aggression in a captive group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). American Journal of Primatology 54(Supplement 1): 50-51
McMahon K, Haist C and Dysko 2005 Breeding colony housing: A comparison of two cage sizes. AALAS [American Association for Laboratory Animal Science] 56th National Meeting Official Program: 127
Mering S 2000 Housing environment and enrichment for laboratory rats refinement and reduction outcome. Natural and Environmental Sciences - Kuopio University Publications C 114: 1-60
Metz JHM 1987 Behavioural problems of rabbits in cages. In: Auxilia T (ed) Rabbit Production Systems Including Welfare pp 221-230. Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg, Belgium
Milligan SR, Sales GD and Khirnykh K 1993 Sound levels in rooms housing laboratory animals: An uncontrolled daily variable. Physiology and Behavior 53: 1067-1076
Mlynarik M, Johansson BB and Jezova D 2004 Enriched environment influences adrenocortical response to immune challenge and glutamate receptor gene expression in rat hippocampus. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1018: 273-280
Moncek F, Duncko R, Johansson BB and Jezova D 2004 Effect of environmental enrichment on stress related systems in rats. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 16: 423-431
Moon-Fanelli AA, Dodman NH and O'Sullivan RL 1999 Veterinary models of compulsive self-grooming: Parallels with trichotillomania. In: Stein DJ, Christenson GA and Hollander E (eds) Trichotillomania pp 63-92. American Psychiatric Press: Washington, DC
Moore S and Beeston D 1999 Rabbit caging developments at Zeneca. Animal Technology 50: 157-161
Morton DB, Jennings M, Batchelor
GR, Bell D, Birke L, Davies K, Eveleigh JR, Gunn D, Heath M, Howard
B, Koder P, Phillips J, Poole T, Sainsbury AW, Sales GD, Smith
DJA, Stauffacher M and Turner RJ
1993 Refinements in rabbit husbandry Second report of the BVAAWF/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW
[British Veterinary Association Animal Welfare Foundation/Fund
for the Replacement of Animal in Medical Research/Royal Society
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals/Universities Federation
for Animal Welfare] Joint Working Group on Refinement. Laboratory
Animals 27: 301-329
http://www.lal.org.uk/pdffiles/RABbit.PDF
Moynihan J, Brenner G, Koota D, Breneman S, Cohen N and Ader R 1990 The effects of handling on antibody production, mitogen responses, spleen number, and lymphocyte subpopulations. Life Sciences 46: 1937-1944
Mrosovsky N, Salmon PA and Vrang N 1998 Revolutionary science: An improved running wheel for hamsters. Chronobiology International 15: 147-158
Mugford RG 1973 Intermale fighting affected by home-cage odours of male and female mice. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 84: 289-295
Mulder JB 1971 Animal behavior and electromagnetic energy waves. Laboratory Animal Science 21: 389-393
Mulder JB 1974a Bedding selection by rats. Laboratory Animal Digest 9: 27-30
Mulder JB 1974b Bedding preferences of mice over long-term confinement. Laboratory Animal Digest 9: 54-56
Mulder JB 1975 Bedding preferences of pregnant laboratory-reared mice. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation 7: 21-22
Mulder JB 1976 Behavior patterns of laboratory animals. Lab Animal 5(5): 22-28
Murchison MA 1994 Primary forage feeder for singly-caged
macaques. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 33(1): 7-8
http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn33-1.html#mark
Murphy SJ 2001 Author response. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 40(4): 8
Murphy SJ, Smith P and Shaivitz A.B. 2001 The effect of brief halothane anesthesia during daily gavage administration on complications and body weights in rats. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 40(2): 9-12
National Research Council 1985 Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 6th Edition. National Institutes of Health: Bethesda, MD
National Research Council 1996 Guide for the Care and Use
of Laboratory Animals, 7th Edition. National Academy Press:
Washington, DC
http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/labrats/
Nelson K, Patterson-Kane EG and Love J 2003 Using animal preference to develop enriched caging for rats. Animal Technology and Welfare 2: 85-88
Nerem RM, Levensque MJ and Cornhill JF 1980 Social environment as a factor of diet induced atherosclerosis. Science 208: 1475-1476
Neuringer AJ 1969 Animals respond for food in the presence of free food. Science 166: 399-401
Nevalainen TO, Nevalainen JI, Guhad FA and Lang CM 2003 Pair housing of rabbits and variation in serum chemistry. AALAS [American Association for Laboratory Animal Science] 54th National Meeting Official Program: 123
Nolen GA and Alexander JC 1966 Effects of diet and type of nesting material on the reproduction and lactation of the rat. Laboratory Animal Care [Laboratory Animal Science] 16: 327-336
Norris ML and Adams CE 1976 Incidence of pup mortality in the rat with particular reference to nesting material, maternal age and parity. Laboratory Animals 10: 165-169
North D 1999 The guinea-pig. In: UFAW [Universities Federation for Animal Welfare] (edited by Poole, T. and English, P.) The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals, Seventh Edition pp 268-288. Blackwell Science: Oxford, UK
Nyska A, Leininger JR and Maronpot RR 1998 Effect of individual versus group caging on the incidence of pituitary and Leydig cell tumors in F344 rats: Proposed mechanism. Medical Hypotheses 50: 525-529
Öbrink KJ and Rehbinder C 1999 Animal definition: A necessity for the validity of animal experiments? Laboratory Animals 22: 121-130
Ödberg FO 1987 The influence of cage size and environmental enrichment on the development of stereotypies in bank voles. Behavioural Processes 14: 155-173
Ohlsson AL and Johansson BB 1995 Environment influences functional outcome of cerebral infarction in rats. Stroke 26: 644-649
Oley NN and Slotnick BM 1970 Nesting material as a reinforcer for operant behavior in the rat. Psychonomic Science 21: 41-43
Organisation for Economic
Co-Operation and Development [OECD] 2000 Guidance Document on the Recognition,
Assessment, and Use of Clinical Signs as Humane Endpoints for
Experimental Animals Used in Safety Evaluation [OECD Guidance
Document No. 19 on Humane Endpoints]. OECD: Paris, France
http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2000doc.nsf/LinkTo/env-jm-mono(2000)7
Orok-Edem E and Key D 1994 Responses of rats (Rattus norvegicus) to enrichment objects. Animal Technology 45: 25-30
Ott JN 1974 The importance of laboratory lighting as an experimental variable. In: Magalhaes H (ed) Environmental Variables in Animal Experimentation pp 39-57. Bucknell University: Lewisburg, PA
Ottesen JL, Weber A, Gürtler
H and Mikkelsen LF 2004
New housing conditions: Improving the welfare of experimental
animals. ATLA (Alternatives to Laboratory Animals) 32(Supplement
1): 397-404
http://www.worldcongress.net/2002/proceedings/C6
Ottesen.pdf
Ottoni EB and Ades C 1991 Resource location and structural properties of the nestbox as determinants of nest-site selection in the golden hamster. Animal Learning and Behavior 19: 234-240
Passineau MJ, Green EJ and Dietrich WD 2001 Therapeutic effects of environmental enrichment on cognitive function and tissue integrity following severe traumatic brain injury in rats. Experimental Neurology 168: 373-384
Patterson-Kane EG 2001 Environmental enrichment for laboratory rats: A review. Animal Technology 52: 77-84
Patterson-Kane EG 2002 Cage size preference in rats in the laboratory. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 5: 63-72
Patterson-Kane EG 2003 Shelter enrichment for rats. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 42(2): 46-48
Patterson-Kane EG, Hunt M and Harper DN 1999 Behavioral indexes of poor welfare in laboratory rats. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 2: 97-110
Patterson-Kane EG, Harper DN and Hunt M 2001 The cage preferences of laboratory rats. Laboratory Animals 35: 74-79
Patterson-Kane EG, Hunt M and Harper D 2002 Rats demand social contact. Animal Welfare 11: 327-332
Patterson-Kane EG, Hunt M and Harper D 2004 Rat's demand for group size. Applied Animal Welfare Science 7: 267-272
Peace TA and Singer AW 2001 Effects of caging type and animal source on the development of foot lesions in Sprague Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus). Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 40(5): 17-21
Peterson EA 1980 Noise and laboratory animals. Laboratory Animal Science 30: 422-439
Pettijohn TF and Barkes BM 1978 Surface choice and behavior in adult Mongolian gerbils. The Psychological Record 28: 299-303
Pfaff J 1974 Noise as an environmental problem. Laboratory Animals 8: 347-354
Pfaff J and Stecker M 1976 Loudness level and frequency content of noise in the animal house. Laboratory Animals 10: 111-117
Pfister HP and King MG 1976 Adaptation of the glucocorticosterone response to novelty. Physiology and Behavior 17: 43-46
Port CD and Kaltenbach JP 1969 The effect of corncob bedding on reproductivity and leucine incorporation in mice. Laboratory Animal Care [Laboratory Animal Science] 19: 46-49
Porter G 1967 Assessment of environmental influence on the biological responses of animals. In: Conalty ML (ed) Husbandry of Laboratory Animals 29. Academic Press: New York, NY
Porter G and Lane-Petter W 1965 The provision of sterile bedding and nesting materials with their effects on breeding mice. Journal of the Animal Technician Association [Animal Technology] 16: 5-8
Potter MP and Borkowski GL 1998 Apparent psychogenic polydipsia and secondary polyuria in laboratory-housed New Zealand White rabbits. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 37: 87-89
Powell SB, Newman HA, Pendergast J and Lewis MH 1999 A rodent model of spontaneous stereotypy: Initial characterization of development, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Physiology and Behavior 66: 355-363
Powell SB, Newman HA, McDonald TA, Bugenhagen P and Lewis MH 2000 Development of spontaneous stereotyped behavior in deer mice: Effects of early and late exposure to a more complex environment. Developmental Psychobiology 37: 100-108
Raje SS and Stewart KL 1997 Group housing for male New Zealand
White rabbits. Lab Animal 26(4): 36-37
http://www.awionline.org/lab_animals/biblio/la26-4rab.html
Raje SS and Stewart KL 2000 Group housing female guinea pigs.
Lab Animal 29(8): 31-32
http://www.awionline.org/lab_animals/biblio/la29-8gp.html
Ras T, Van de Ven M, Patterson-Kane EG and Nelson K 2002 Rats' preferences for corn versus wood-based bedding and nesting materials. Laboratory Animals 36: 420-425
Reebs SG and St-Onge P 2005 Running wheel choice by Syrian hamsters. Laboratory Animals 4: 442-451
Reinhardt V 1971 Soziale Verhaltensweisen und soziale Rollen des Hausmeerschweinchens. Dissertationsdruck Novotny: Söcking/Starnberg, Germany
Reinhardt V 1993 Enticing nonhuman primates to
forage for their standard biscuit ration. Zoo Biology 12:
307-312
http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/zb12-30.htm
Reinhardt V 1996 Refining the blood collection
procedure for macaques. Lab Animal 25(1): 32-35
http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/la-refin.htm
Reinhardt V 1997 Training nonhuman primates to
cooperate during handling procedures: a review. Animal Technology
48: 55-73
http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/at55.htm
Reinhardt V 2002 Comfortable quarters for guinea-pigs
in research institutions. In: Reinhardt V and Reinhardt A (eds.)
Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals, Ninth Edition
pp 39-43. Animal Welfare Institute: Washington, DC
http://www.awionline.org/pubs/cq02/Cq-guin.html
Reinhardt V and Reinhardt
A 1991 Impact of a privacy
panel on the behavior of caged female rhesus monkeys living in
pairs. Journal of Experimental Animal Science 34: 55-58
http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/es34-5~1.htm
Reinhardt V and Reinhardt
A 2002 Refinement and
Environmental Enrichment for Animals in Laboratories. web site
Database
http://www.awionline.org/lab_animals/biblio/laball.htm
Richards MPM 1966 Activity measured by running wheels and observation during the oestrus cycle, pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the Golden hamster. Animal Behaviour 14: 450-458
Risedal A, Mattsson B, Dahlqvist P, Nordborg C, Olsson T and Johansson BB 2002 Environmental influences on functional outcome after a cortical infarct in the rat. Brain Research Bulletin 58: 315-321
Robertson D 1999 Environmental stimulation for rodents on toxicological studies. Animal Technology 50: 182-183
Roper TJ 1975 Self-sustaining activities and reinforcement in the nest building behaviour of mice. Behaviour 59: 40-57
Roper TJ 1976 Sex differences in circadian wheel running rhythms in the Mongolian gerbil. Physiology and Behavior 17: 549-551
Ross S, Nagy ZM, Kessler C and Scott JP 1966 Effects of illumination on wall-leaving behavior and activity in three inbred mouse strains. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 62: 338-340
Rothfritz P, Loeffler K and Drescher B 1992 Einfluß unterschiedlicher Haltungsverfahren und Bewegungsmöglichkeiten auf die Spongiosastruktur der Rippen sowie Brust- und Lendenwirbel von Versuchs- und Fleischkaninchen. Tierärztliche Umschau 47: 758-768
Roy V, Belzung C, Delarue C and Chapillon P 2001 Environmental enrichment in BALB/c mice: Effects in classical tests of anxiety and exposure to a predatory odor. Physiology and Behavior 74: 313-320
Russell WMS and Burch, RL 1959 The Principles of Humane Experimental
Technique. Methuen & Co.: London, UK
http://altweb.jhsph.edu/publications/humane_exp/het-toc.htm
Saad M, Sharp J, Azar T and Lawson D 2004 Rat preferences for commercially available "simulated burrows." AALAS [American Association for Laboratory Animal Science] 55th National Meeting Official Program: 137
Sachser N, Künzl C and Kaiser S 2004 The welfare of laboratory guinea pigs. In: Kaliste E (ed) The Welfare of Laboratory Animals pp181-209. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Saibaba P, Sales GD, Stodulski G and Hau J 1996 Behaviour of rats in their home cages: Daytime variations and effects of routine husbandry procedures analysed by time sampling techniques. Laboratory Animals 30: 13-31
Saltarelli CG and Coppola CP 1979 Influence of visible light on organ weights of mice. Laboratory Animal Science 29: 319-322
Scharmann W 1994 Housing of mice in an enriched environment. In: Bunyan J (ed) Welfare and Science, Proceedings of the Fifth FELASA [Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations] Symposium pp 335-337. Royal Society of Medicine Press: London, UK
Scharmann W 1991 Improved housing of mice, rats and guineapigs: A contribution to the refinement of animal experimentation. ATLA [Alternatives to Laboratory Animals] 19: 108-114
Sharp JL, Zammit TG, Azar TA and Lawson DM 2002 Stress-like responses to common procedures in male rats housed alone or with other rats. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 41(4): 8-14
Sharp JL, Zammit T, Azar TA and Lawson DM 2003 Stress-like responses to common procedures in individually and group-housed female rats. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 42(1): 9-18
Sharp J, Azar T and Lawson D 2005 Effects of a cage enrichment program on heart rate, blood pressure, and activity of male Sprague-Dawley and spontaneously hypertensive rats monitored by radiotelemetry. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 44(2): 32-40
Shaw DC and Gallagher RH 1984 Group or singly housed rats? In: The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Standards in Laboratory Animal Management pp 65-70. The Universities Federation for Animal Welfare: Potters Bar, UK
Sherwin CM 1996 Preferences of individually housed TO strain laboratory mice for loose substrate or tubes for sleeping. Laboratory Animals 30: 245-251
Sherwin CM 1998 The use and perceived importance of three resources which provide caged laboratory mice the opportunity for extended locomotion. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 55: 353-367
Sherwin CM 2004a Mirrors as potential environmental enrichment for individually housed laboratory mice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 87: 95-103
Sherwin CM 2004b The motivation of group-housed laboratory mice, Mus musculus, for additional space. Animal Behaviour 67: 711-717
Sherwin CM and Nicol CJ 1996 Reorganising behaviour in laboratory mice with varying cost of access to resources. Animal Behaviour 51: 1087-1093
Sherwin CM and Nicol CJ 1997 Behavioural demand functions of caged laboratory mice for additional space. Animal Behaviour 53: 67-74
Sherwin CM and Olsson IAS 2004 Housing conditions affect self-administration of anxiolytic by laboratory mice. Animal Welfare 13: 33-38
Sherwin CM, Haug E, Terkelsen N and Vadgama M 2004 Studies on the motivation for burrowing by laboratory mice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 88(3-4): 343-358
Shively CA, Clarkson TB and Kaplan JR 1989 Social deprivation and coronary artery atherosclerosis in female cynomolgus monkeys. Atherosclerosis 77: 69-76
Shomer NH, Peikert S and Terwilliger G 2001 Enrichment-toy trauma in a New Zealand White Rabbit. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 40 (1): 31-32
Shyu WC, Nightingale CH, Tsuji A and Quintiliani R 1987 Effect of stress on pharmocokinetics of amikacin and ticarcillin. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 76: 265-266
Smith GD, Hoffman WP, Lee EM and Young JK 2000 Improving the environment of mice by using synthetic gauze pads. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 39(6): 51-53
Späni D, Arras M, König B and Rülicke T 2003 Higher heart rate of laboratory mice housed individually versus in pairs. Laboratory Animals 37: 54-62
Spires TL, Grote HE, Varshney NK, Cordery PM, Van Dellen A, Balkemore C and Hannan AJ 2004 Environmental enrichment rescues protein deficits in a mouse model of Huntington's disease, indicating a possible disease mechanism. Journal of Neuroscience 24: 2270-2276
Stark DM 2001 Wire-bottom versus solid-bottom rodent caging issues important to scientists and laboratory animal science specialists. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 40(6): 11-14
Stauffacher M 2000 Refinement in rabbit housing and husbandry. In: Balls M, Van Zeller AM and Halder M (eds) Progress in the Reduction, Refinement and Replacement of Animal Experimentation pp 1269-1277. Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Sutherland SD and Festing MFW 1987 The guinea-pig. In: Poole TB (ed) The UFAW [Universities Federation for Animal Welfare] Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals, Sixth Edition pp 393-410. Churchill Livingstone: New York, NY
Tabata H, Kitamura T and Nagamatsu N 1998 Comparison of effects of restraint, cage transportation, anaesthesia and repeated bleeding on plasma glucose levels between mice and rats. Laboratory Animals 32: 143-148
Tagney J 1973 Sleep patterns related to rearing rats in enriched and impoverished environments. Brain Research 53: 353-361
Tamburrino PA, Michonski KJ and Cameron RA 1999 Adaptation of dog kennels for group housing of rabbits. AALAS [American Association for Laboratory Animal Science] 50th National Meeting Official Program: 33
Taylor GT 1981 Fear and affiliation in domesticated male rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 95: 685-693
Townsend P 1997 Use of in-cage shelters by laboratory rats. Animal Welfare 6: 95-103
Traystman RJ 1987 ACUC, who needs it? The investigator's viewpoint. Laboratory Animal Science 37(Special Issue): 108-110
Tuli J, Smith JA and Morton DB 1995a Stress measurements in mice after transportation. Laboratory Animals 29: 132-138
Tuli J, Smith JA and Morton DB 1995b Effects of acute and chronic restraint on the adrenal gland weight and serum corticosterone concentration of mice and their faecal output of oocysts after infection with Eimeria apionoides. Research in Veterinary Science 59: 82-86
Tuli J, Smith JA and Morton DB 1995c Corticosterone, adrenal and spleen weight in mice after tail bleeding, and its effect on nearby animals. Laboratory Animals 29: 90-95
Turner RJ, Selby JI, Held SDE, Howells KJ, Eveleigh JR and Wootton RJ 1992 Preferred substrates for penned laboratory rabbits. Animal Technology 43: 185-192
Turner RJ, Held SDE, Hirst JE, Billinghurst G and Wootton RJ 1997 An immunological assessment of group-housed rabbits. Laboratory Animals 31: 362-372
United States Department
of Agriculture 2002
Animal Welfare Regulations Revised as of January 1, 2002.
U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC
http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/9cfrv1_02.html
Ursin H and Murison R 1986 Facts, fiction and rational decisions. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 554(Supplement 1): 234-242
Valzelli L 1973 The "isolation syndrome" in mice. Psychopharmacologia 31: 305-320
Van Berkum LE 2000 Use of a feeder insert to reduce obesity in rats. AALAS [American Association for Laboratory Animal Science] 51st National Meeting Official Program: 125
Van de Weerd HA, van Loo PLP, van Zutphen LFM, Koolhaas JM and Baumans V 1997 Preferences for nesting material as environmental enrichment for laboratory mice. Laboratory Animals 31: 133-143
Van de Weerd HA, van Loo PLP, van Zutphen LFM, Koolhaas JM and Baumans V 1998a Preferences for nest boxes as environmental enrichment for laboratory mice. Animal Welfare 7: 11-25
Van de Weerd HA, van Loo PLP, van Zutphen LFM, Koolhaas JM and Baumans V 1998b Strength of preference for nesting material as environmental enrichment for laboratory mice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 55: 369-382
Van de Weerd HA, Aarsen EL, Mulder A, Kruitwagen CLJJ, Hendriksen CFM and Baumans V 2002 Effects of environmental enrichment for mice: Variation in experimental results. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 5: 87-109
Van Dellen A, Blakemore C, Deacon R, York D and Hannan AJ 2000 Delaying the onset of Huntington's in mice. Nature 404: 721-722
Van den Broek FAR, Klompmaker H, Bakkere R and Beynen AC 1995 Gerbils prefer partially darkened cages. Animal Welfare 4: 119-123
Van Loo PLP, de Groot AC, Van Zuthpen BFM and Baumans V 2001 Do male mice prefer or avoid each other's company? Influence of hierarchy, kinship, and familiarity. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 4: 91-103
Van Loo PLP, Kruitwagen CLJJ and Van Zutphen LFM 2000 Modulation of aggression in male mice: Influence of cage cleaning regime and scent marks. Animal Welfare 9: 281-295
Van Loo PLP, Kruitwagen CLJJ, Koolhaas JM, Van de Weerd HA, Van Zutphen LFM and Baumans V 2002 Influence of cage enrichment on aggressive behaviour and physiological parameters in male mice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 76: 65-81
Van Loo PLP, Van der Meer E, Kruitwagen CLJJ, Koolhaas JM, Van Zutphen LFM and Baumans V 2004 Long-term effects of husbandry procedures on stress-related parameters in male mice of two strains. Laboratory Animals 38: 169-177
Van Loo PLP, Blom HJM, Meijer MK and Baumans V 2005 Assessment of the use of two commercially available environmental enrichments by laboratory mice by preference testing. Laboratory Animals 39: 58-67
Videan EN, Fritz J, Murphy
J, Howell S and Heward CB
2005 Does training chimpanzees to present for injection lead to
reduced stress? Laboratory Primate Newsletter 44(3): 1-2
http://www.brown.edu/Research/Primate/lpn44-3.html#videan
Von Weiss J and Taylor GT 1985 Einfluß der Käfigstruktur auf das Wahlverhalten und die Spontanmotilität von Laborratten. Zeitschrift für Versuchstierkunde 27: 175-184
Würbel H, Chapman R and Rutland C 1998 Effect of feed and environmental enrichment on development of stereotypic wire-gnawing in laboratory mice. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 60: 69-81
Wada JA and Asakura T 1970 Circadian alteration of audiogenic seizure susceptibility in rats. Experimental Neurology 29: 211-214
Waiblinger E and König
B 2004 Refinement of
gerbil housing and husbandry in the laboratory. ATLA (Alternatives
to Laboratory Animals) 32(Supplement): 163-169
http://www.worldcongress.net/2002/proceedings/B2
Waiblinger.pdf
Waran NK and Broom DM 1993 The influence of a barrier on the behaviour and growth of early-weaned piglets. Animal Production 56: 115-119
Watson DSB 1993 Evaluation of inanimate objects on commonly monitored variables in preclinical safety studies for mice and rats. Laboratory Animal Science 43: 378-380
Weihe WH 1976 The effect of light on animals. Laboratory Animal Handbooks 7: 63-76
Weihe WH, Schidlow J and Strittmatter J 1969 The effect of light intensity on the breeding and development of rats and golden hamsters. International Journal of Biometeorology 13: 69-79
Werner C and Latané B 1974 Interaction motivates attraction: Rats are fond of fondling. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 29: 328-334
Werner C and Anderson DF 1976 Opportunity for interaction as reinforcer in a T-maze. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 2: 166-169
Westergaard GC, Izard MK, Drake JD, Suomi SJ and Higley JD 1999 Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) group formation and housing: Wounding and reproduction in a specific pathogen free (SPF) colony. American Journal of Primatology 49: 339-347
Whary M, Peper R, Borkowski G, Lawrence W and Ferguson F 1993 The effects of group housing on the research use of the laboratory rabbit. Laboratory Animals 27: 330-341
White WJ, Balk MW and Lang CM 1989 Use of cage space by guinea pigs. Laboratory Animals 23: 208-214
Wiedenmayer C 1997 Stereotypies resulting from a deviation in the ontogenetic development of gerbils. Behavioural Processes 39: 215-221
Wieser R 1984 Zur Tiergerechtheit handelsüblicher Batteriekäfige für Hauskaninchen-Zibben. Bericht, Bundesamt für Veterinärwesen: Bern, Switzerland
Wrightson D and Dickson C 1999 Diet restriction through hopper design. Animal Technology 50: 45-46
Wurtman RL 1967 Effects of light and visual stimuli on endocrine function. In: Martini L. and Ganong WF (eds) Neuroendocrinology, Vol. II pp 19-59. Academic Press: New York, NY
York JL and Regan SG 1982 Conditioned and unconditioned influences on body temperature and ethanol hypothermia in laboratory rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 17: 119-124
Zondek B and Tamari I 1967 Effect of auditory stimuli on reproduction. In: Wolstenholme GEW and O'Connor M (eds) Effects of external stimuli on reproduction. Ciba Foundation Study No. 26 pp 1-19. J. & A. Churchill: London, UK