Including Pets in Domestic Violence Protection Orders in Michigan

Guidance for Advocates and Attorneys for Domestic Violence Survivors1

This guide is intended to serve as a resource2 to help advocates and attorneys get pets of domestic violence (DV) survivors included in domestic violence protection orders in Michigan.3 We hope that this information will serve to simplify the process and help survivors take more control of their lives and escape abuse along with their pets.

Advocates and attorneys often play a crucial role in helping DV survivors understand and exercise their rights to include pets in such orders. There are typically four key steps in this process:

  1. As early as possible, identify any pets, service animals, therapy animals, or any other animals who may live in the home.
  2. Identify and review the state’s protection order laws. (See below.)
  3. Gather evidence of any animal abuse or threats of animal abuse to present at the hearing. (See “Gathering Evidence” below.)
  4. Help the DV survivor understand what relief is available to protect the animal, and use available opportunities to include the desired relief in any temporary or extended order.

Ask About Pets

The first step is to ask if any pets or other animals are present in the home. It is common for individuals experiencing domestic violence not to volunteer that they have a pet. They may assume there are no resources or protections for their pets and therefore believe it is pointless to raise the issue. In addition, under the stress of the circumstances they may forget to mention pet concerns. The following are examples of questions to flesh this out:

  • Does an animal—a pet, service animal, or support animal—live in your home?
  • Has your abuser ever harmed your pet or threatened to harm this animal?
  • How did the animal abuse or threat affect you?
  • Where is your pet right now?
  • Is your pet safe?
  • Do you want to ask that the court grant you custody of your pet?
  • Do you want to ask that the court order your abuser to stay away from your pet?
  • Do you have anything that might help us prove that the abuser has threatened or hurt the animal, e.g., veterinary bills or records, photographs, or eyewitnesses?

It is important to recognize the overall significance of asking about pets. Being able to present information about how the abuser has treated animals can be a valuable tool to illustrate the extent of the abuser’s controlling and violent behavior. Knowing whether a pet is involved may help not only the pet but also other abused parties. Many individuals experiencing domestic violence may decide not to leave due to fear of leaving a pet behind, and addressing such concerns increases the likelihood that they will escape an abusive situation.

Discuss Resources for Pets

It is often helpful to reassure the DV survivor that you will work with them to develop a safety plan for them, their family, and their pet(s). Does the individual intend to stay with friends or family members, but cannot take their pet? Are they moving into temporary housing or a domestic violence shelter that does not accept pets? Explain that there are safe havens for pets of DV survivors in many communities. Safe havens are sheltering services available in an area that help individuals who are experiencing domestic violence place their companion animals out of harm's way so that they may seek safety for themselves.

Safe havens operate differently from community to community. Some rely on networks of foster care homes or are allowed to use the additional kennel space of a local humane society or veterinarian. In some cases, domestic violence shelters house victims and pets together; others have pet kennels on site. Depending on the local arrangement, family members may be able to visit pets while they are in safekeeping. Confidentiality of the pet’s location is highly guarded in order to protect pets and family members.

Refer the DV survivor to the Animal Welfare Institute’s Safe Havens for Pets directory. This is a directory, searchable by zip code, of sheltering services for pets of DV survivors.4 Recommend that the DV survivor also do the following:

  • Keep on hand the phone number of the nearest 24-hour emergency veterinary clinic.
  • Establish ownership of the pet by creating a paper trail (e.g., obtain a license, have veterinarian records put in the petitioner’s name).
  • Keep emergency provisions for the pet. Pack a bag for the pet that includes these items:
    • food
    • medicine
    • documents of ownership (receipts from adoption or purchase of pet, license to establish ownership, receipts for animal purchases)
    • health documents (veterinary or vaccination records)
    • leash
    • ID and rabies tag, if a dog or cat (these will also help establish ownership)
    • carrier
    • toys
    • bedding

Finally, in some circumstances where the animal and the DV survivor are separated, such as one involving a visit to the emergency room, the advocate or attorney may need to take steps to ensure that the animal is safe. Following a domestic violence call, the animal may be taken into custody by animal control and need to be claimed and transferred to safety later.

Michigan Domestic Abuse Protection Order Laws

To secure a domestic relationship personal protection order in Michigan,5 the petitioner must show the court that an abuser (respondent) who has a domestic relationship with the petitioner is likely to assault, threaten, harass, or stalk the petitioner.6 For purposes of the statute, the respondent is considered to have a domestic relationship with the petitioner if that person is a “spouse, former spouse, individual with child in common, individual in dating relationship, or person residing or having resided in same household.”7 A domestic relationship PPO is valid for at least 182 days (approximately six months) but can be issued for a longer duration based on the discretion of the judge.8 The order can be extended without a hearing.9 A respondent who does not abide by the PPO can be arrested and subject to civil or criminal contempt.10

The Michigan Courts website provides links to all forms necessary to request a domestic relationship PPO. Forms are also available from the clerk’s office at the local courthouse, where the forms must be submitted. The key documents to focus on are as follows:

  • Petition for domestic relationship PPO (CC 375) — This is the primary form the petitioner will use to request a PPO.
  • Domestic relationship PPO (CC 376) — This is the order itself—the form the judge will use to sign and issue the PPO. The petitioner will first need to fill out a short section at the top of the form.
  • Notice of Hearing on Petition for PPO (CC 381) — This form will be used only if there is a full hearing involving the petitioner and the respondent, as explained below. If the petitioner requests and is granted an “ex parte” PPO, based on a hearing without the respondent present, this form will not be used.

Alternatively, the nonprofit Michigan Legal Help website can generate completed forms for you based on information you provide online, using the site’s Do-It-Yourself Personal Protection Order (PPO) tool. (The site also provides an overview of the PPO process.)

Requesting Protection of Pets

The place to request protection of pets as part of a PPO is on the petition form, CC 375. On the left hand side of the form are a series of circled letters. Beside each circled letter is a numbered statement, through which the petitioner asserts the facts of the case and the requests being made. Under the circled letter F, statement 5 reads “I ask the court to grant a personal protection order prohibiting the respondent from:”—followed by a series of check boxes. Go to 5 (j), where it reads:

  • intentionally causing me mental distress or exerting control over me by:
    • injuring, killing, torturing, or neglecting, or threatening to injure, kill, torture, or neglect any animal in which I have an ownership interest.
    • removing any animal from my possession in which I have an ownership interest.
    • retaining or obtaining possession of any animal in which I have an ownership interest.

The petitioner should check the boxes beside each of these statements.

Ex Parte Domestic Relationship Personal Protection Order

Depending on the circumstances, a PPO may be issued after either an ex parte hearing (with only the petitioner present) or a full hearing (with both petitioner and respondent present). Petitioners who desire an ex parte hearing must fill out and submit the petition form CC 375 (in full) and the court order form CC 376 (only the top part) together.

To request an ex parte order, the petitioner should check the box next to statement 7 under the circled letter H on CC 375. To qualify for such an order, the petitioner must show that immediate and irreversible injury, loss, or damage would result from the delay required to notify the respondent or show that the notice itself will cause harm to the petitioner before the PPO can be issued.11

Once an ex parte PPO is granted, the petitioner must serve the respondent with the CC 375 and CC 376 forms. See the instruction booklet for service of process information.

Full Hearing Domestic Relationship Personal Protection Order

In Michigan, unlike many other states, a full hearing involving both petitioner and respondent is not automatically scheduled after an ex parte order is granted. The PPO issued after an ex parte hearing may serve as the final order. However, a full hearing may be required under the following circumstances:

  • After an ex parte PPO is granted, the respondent may request a full hearing within 14 days of being served with the ex parte PPO.12
  • The petitioner does not request an ex parte hearing (does not check the box next to statement 7 requesting an ex parte hearing on CC 375), electing instead to proceed directly to a full hearing.13
  • The petitioner does request an ex parte hearing, but that request is denied by the judge after the judge reviews the petitioner’s CC 375 form.

If the petitioner does not request or is denied an ex parte hearing, the petitioner must complete an additional form: the notice of (full) hearing, CC 381.

In cases where the petitioner does not request an ex parte hearing, the petitioner would turn in only the petition form CC 375 initially, and forms CC 376 and CC 381 afterwards. Prior to the full hearing, the respondent must be served with forms CC 375 (the petition) and CC 381 (the notice of hearing). See the instruction booklet for details on the proper sequence in which to process these forms and serve the respondent.

Gathering Evidence for the Hearing

Fact-Gathering Questions

Answers to the questions listed in the above section titled “Ask About Pets” will not only aid in completing the petition, but will also help the evidence-gathering process for the hearing and offer the court a more comprehensive understanding of the circumstances. In preparation for the hearing, it may be particularly helpful to discuss the following with the DV survivor.

If the abuser has threatened to harm either the DV survivor’s animal or the abuser’s own animal, try to determine what the abuser specifically said. The statement should generally be admissible under evidence rules as an admission by a party opponent. Ask where and when the statement occurred, and if someone else may have heard the threat (e.g., a neighbor, another occupant of the home, or someone else present). Have the survivor describe the circumstances, including the topic of conversation and body language.

If the abuser physically hurt the pet, gather as many details as possible. In particular, find out if the animal needed veterinary care. If so, collect any evidence of the visit and consider if a subpoena to the animal hospital is appropriate. Either way, find out if any photos were taken and, if the abuse was recent, see if there is a way to obtain photographic evidence.

In addition to the fine details, be sure to capture the bigger picture of abuse. Have the survivor describe the series of events that led up to the incident of abuse as well as any past instances of conflict. What does the survivor believe motivated the abuse? How did they react to the abuse? How did the abuser act afterward? Did the abuse serve as an effective controlling behavior? For example, did the abuse prevent the survivor from leaving the home or going somewhere?

Remember, it is extremely important that the court understands how the animal abuse fits into abusive behavior generally. Being able to demonstrate with evidence that the abuser used the pet as a means to control the survivor can be crucial to convincing the court of the role animal abuse plays in domestic violence.

Evidentiary Issues

There are several common pieces of evidence that you may want to introduce:

  • Statements made by the abuser
  • Veterinary records
  • Photographs of injuries
  • Evidence of prior animal abuse
  • Prior convictions for animal abuse
  • Testimony of a police officer
  • Testimony of a veterinarian
  • Testimony of anyone who witnessed the abuse or immediate aftermath

Michigan Rules of Evidence apply to all PPO hearings. Check these rules to develop a response to possible objections to the admissibility of any item of evidence.

Federal Domestic Violence Law: Paws Act

Although the process of obtaining a protection order is a civil matter, not a criminal one, violation of a protection order once it is in place is typically a crime under state law, punishable by fines and/or imprisonment. In some circumstances, it will also be a crime under federal law. In 2018, the provisions of the Pet and Women Safety (PAWS) Act were signed into law as part of the federal farm bill. The PAWS Act added language to Title 18, Chapter 110A of the US Code16—which pertains to interstate domestic violence and interstate stalking—that heightens protection for animals in situations involving protection order violations and stalking.

Interstate violation of a protection order occurs when someone crosses state lines (or by force, coercion, duress, or fraud causes another person to cross state lines) with the intent to engage in conduct that violates or would violate a protection order’s prohibition “against violence, threats, or harassment against, contact or communication with, or physical proximity to, another person or the pet, service animal, emotional support animal,17 or horse of that person.”18

Interstate stalking occurs when someone engages in conduct intending to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate another person (or place that person under surveillance for such purposes), so that it either

  1. causes the person to have reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury to themselves; their immediate family members, their spouse or intimate partner; or their pet, service animal, emotional support animal, or horse, or
  2. “causes, attempts to cause, or would be reasonably expected to cause substantial emotional distress” to the person, their immediate family members, or their spouse or intimate partner,

AND such behavior occurs when the stalker is either

  1. traveling in interstate or foreign commerce,19 or
  2. using “mail, any interactive computer service or electronic communication service or electronic communication system of interstate commerce, or any other facility of interstate or foreign commerce.”20

It is important to emphasize that the latter provision means that stalking conducted via mail or computers—whether or not physical travel is involved—constitutes interstate stalking because use of the US mail and the electronic devices themselves involves activities that venture beyond state lines.

Federal authorities, not local and state law enforcement officers, are tasked with prosecuting violations of federal law. However, the Department of Justice recommends reporting such crimes, especially in an emergency, to the local authorities. The local district attorney will refer appropriate cases to a US attorney’s office. DV survivors and advocates also may wish to contact a local US attorney’s office or the Federal Bureau of Investigation directly. Each US attorney’s office has an Office of Violence Against Women contact person to take referrals under the interstate stalking law. Click on the links below for office locations:

US attorney offices
FBI field offices

Forms and Resources

Michigan Official Forms and Government-Sponsored Resources

  • Michigan Courts personal protection order forms
    • CC 375: Petition for Personal Protection Order (Domestic Relationship)
    • CC 376: Personal Protection Order (Domestic Relationship)
    • CC 381: Notice of Hearing on Petition for Personal Protection Order

Michigan Organizations

National Organizations

Further Reading

1. AWI would like to thank Sarah Cummings and Blair Warner of Hogan Lovells US LLP; Sejal Sanghvi, JD; and Natasha Cobb, Lewis & Clark Law School, for their assistance in compiling this information.

2. Nothing in this material should be considered legal advice. This guide is designed to facilitate access to available information and resources, and to identify issues and steps to consider in the course of seeking protection for pets of domestic violence survivors. While we try to keep the information up-to-date, we cannot assure that it remains accurate at the time a reader accesses it; please consult an official source for the most current language of any statute or other legal requirements. While we have provided links to third party websites that contain additional information, we cannot guarantee the availability or quality of services at those sites.

3. This guide does not attempt to describe procedures focused on protecting survivors themselves, their children or other human family members. There are numerous resources available to address issues specific to human survivors, including but not limited to Women’s Law and the National Domestic Violence Hotline.

4. The directory reflects an effort to identify services that offer shelter for the pets of domestic violence victims. We cannot guarantee the availability or quality of services at any particular location.

5. Michigan has three types of personal protection orders: domestic relationship PPOs, nondomestic stalking PPOs, and nondomestic sexual assault PPOs. This manual deals solely with domestic relationship PPOs.

6. MCL § 600.2950 (1)(4)

7. MCL § 600.2950

8. MCLA § 600.2950 (11)(d)

9. MCR § 3.707 (B)(1).

10. MCLA § 600.2950 (23)

11. MCLA § 600.2950 (12)

12. MCLA 600.2950 (14)

13. A petitioner who requests an ex parte hearing turns in forms CC 375 (petition) and CC 376 (court order) together. A petitioner who does not request an ex parte hearing turns in only CC 375, but must complete the petitioner’s section of CC 376 before the full hearing takes place.

14. MCLA§ 600.2950 (1)(k)

15. MCLA § 600.2950 (4)(a)&(b)

17. “pets,” “service animals,” and “emotional support animals” as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 2266 (11–13)

18. 18 U.S. Code § 2262(a) (emphasis added)

19. “or is present within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, or enters or leaves Indian country” 18 U.S.C. § 2261A