Brockway, B. P., Hassler, C. R., Hicks, N. 1993. Minimizing stress during physiological monitoring. In: Refinement and Reduction in Animal Testing. Niemi, S. M. , Willson, J. E. (eds), 56-69. Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, Bethesda, MD.

Restraint itself affects the physiological functioning of the animal, measurement error and variability are introduced into the data. [p 57] ... Elimination of sources of variability (stress for example) may allow the use of fewer animals giving equally valid results.

Year

1993