Bushong, D., Schapiro, S. J., Bloomsmith, M. A. 1992. Self-aggression in nonhuman primates: A review of its development/possible causes, methods of therapeutic treatment, and its relevance to the zoo situation. American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) Regional Conference Proceedings, 723-728.

Social enrichment appears to be the most effective method of reducing the development or frequency of abnormal behaviors.

Year

1992