Prentice, E. D., Zucker, I. H., Jameton, A. 1986. Ethics of animal welfare in research: The institution's attempt to achieve appropriate social balance. The Physiologist 29, 1&19-21.

Physical restraint procedures should be used on awake animals only after alternative procedures have been considered and found to be inadequate. If a restraint will be utilized the animal should be trained or conditioned to the restraining device, using positive reinforcement, prior to the beginning of the experiment.