Anderson, J. R., Chamove, A. S. 1981. Self-aggressive behaviour in monkeys. Current Psychological Reviews 1, 139-158.

Self-aggression is most often reported in some Old World monkeys that have been reared under conditions of social deprivation, and rarely occurs in the wild. It may also appear in normal animals under very stressful conditions. Self-aggression is more prominent in males; it may increase in response to pain, frustration, fear, or sexual arousal.