Refinement Database

Database on Refinement of Housing, Husbandry, Care, and Use of Animals in Research

This database, created in 2000, is updated every four months with newly published scientific articles, books, and other publications related to improving or safeguarding the welfare of animals used in research.

Tips for using the database:

  • This landing page displays all of the publications in the database.
  • Use the drop-down menus to filter these publications by Animal Type, Setting, and/or Topic.
  • Clicking on a parent category (e.g., Rodent) will include publications relating to all the items in that category (e.g., Chinchilla, Gerbil, Guinea Pig, etc.).
  • You may also add a keyword to further narrow your search.
  • Please note that at this time, only publications dated 2010 or later (with some exceptions) can be filtered by Animal Type and Topic, and only publications dated 2020 or later (with some exceptions) can be filtered by Setting. Most publications older than 2010 can only be searched by keyword. 
Herren, R. 1994. Letter to the Editor . The Shape of Enrichment 3(2), 16.

We made two larger feeders [with finger holes] out of three-inch diameter PVC and attached them to climbing structures.

Hendrix, P., Lambeth, S. P. 1994. Frozen enrichment for chimpanzees. The Shape of Enrichment 3(3), 7.

We gave this enrichment [frozen juice container] to 19 chimpanzees of different ages and found that it took from 24 to 48 minutes for each chimp to consume the frozen treat.

Harlan, N. J. 1994. An inspector's view of the new animal welfare regulations concerning environmental enhancement. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians (AAZV) Annual Conference Proceedings, 285-286.
Harper, J. S. 1994. Enrichment of captive non-human primate environments, one clinical veterinarians perspective. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians (AAZV) Annual Conference Proceedings, 278-283.
Gust, D. A., Gordon, T. P., Brodie, A. R. et al. 1994. Effect of a preferred companion in modulating stress in adult female rhesus monkeys. Physiology and Behavior 55, 681-684.

Adult female rhesus monkeys exhibited a profound stress response when removed from their social group to a novel environment. Recovery time [of T cell subsets] was significantly enhanced by the presence of a preferred companion.

Goff, C., Howell, S. M., Fritz, J. et al. 1994. Space use and proximity of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) mother/offspring pairs. Zoo Biology 13, 61-68.

Results confirmed the importance of vertical cage dimension and suggested the provision of horizontal substrates above the enclosure floor is important.

Gaspar, A. D. 1994. Object manipulation in Lisbon Zoo chimpanzees: A contribution to the discussion of the psychological well-being in captive animals. Analise Psicologica 4, 27-40.

The provision of manipulable objects [plastic bricks, items of clothing] led to a significant reduction of aggression, visitor-directed and self-directed behaviors and activity.

Fritz, J. 1994. Introducing unfamiliar chimpanzees to a group or partner. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 33(1), 5-7.

In six years, 85 introductions were made at PFA [Primate Foundation of Arizona] with no injury to any animal involved.

Fouts, R. S., Fouts, D. H., Jensvold, M. L. A. et al. 1994. An enriching approach to captive chimpanzee care. In Touch 1(1), 1 & 4-8.

The social environment [which includes the care providers] is perhaps the most critical factor in chimpanzee well-being, more important even than designs of the living space.

Fragaszy, D. M., Baer, J., Adams-Curtis, L. E. 1994. Introduction and integration of strangers into captive groups of tufted capuchins (Cebus apella). International Journal of Primatology 15, 399-420.

Two to four unfamiliar animals were housed together for 3-5 days in one room of each resident group's two-room cage, while the resident group remained in the other room. ... Following the acclimation period, we...

Forthman, D. L. 1994. Challenges. The Shape of Enrichment 3(3), 12.

An enrichment program for single-housed gibbons is described.

Fligiel, J., Reinhardt, V. 1994. Assessing group housing for an aged female rhesus macaque. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 33(4), 10-12.

It was demonstrated that the well-being of a 30 year old female rhesus macaque was not jeopardized by the fact that she permanently lived in a stable breeding group.

Festing, M. F. W. 1994. Reduction of animal use: experimental design and quality of experiments. Laboratory Animals 28, 212-221.

It was concluded that about one-third of the experiments appeared to use unnecessarily large numbers of animals, and that the data were correctly analysed in only 13 of the 48 experiments surveyed.

Farmer, K. H., Young, R. J. 1994. Recycling paper. Ideas for environmental enrichment for primates. RATEL (Journal of the Association of British Wild Animal Keepers) 21(6), 202-203.

Our solution was to wrap the food up in sheets of used A4 paper. This meant that the primates had to unwrap and strip the paper from the food. .. Also, we used scrap paper...

Erwin, J. 1994. Enhancement of laboratory environments for primates: Effective enrichment and innovative enclosures for biomedical research. Congress of the International Primatological Society, 157 (Abstract).

The provision of objects such as commercially available toys for pet dogs was found to be highly effective in reducing rates of self-directed abnormal behavior or completely eliminating it. No data are included in this...

Elliot, B., Cook, S. 1994. Environmental enrichment for non-human primates. Canadian Association of Laboratory Animal Science Newsletter 28(2), 36 & 38-40.
Eaton, G. G., Kelley, S. T., Axthelm, M. K. et al. 1994. Psychological well-being in paired adult female rhesus (Macaca mulatta). American Journal of Primatology 33, 89-99.

Pair formation technique is described; 86% success rate. Paired females show strong preference to spend time in close proximity [approximately 80% at night, 40% at day]; agonistic behaviors are very infrequent. Health measures, body weight...

DuBois, T. 1994. Challenges (double title). The Shape of Enrichment 3(3), 13.

An inanimate enrichment program for a single-housed gibbon is described.

Dodman, N. H. 1994. Pharmacological treament of behavoural problems in cats. Veterinary International 4, 13-20.
Dexter, S. L., Bayne, K. 1994. Results of providing swings to individually housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Laboratory Primate Newsletter 33(2), 9-12.

The single-housed adult test subjects manipulated the swings but showed little inclination to actually use them for swinging.

Dickie, L. A. 1994. Environmental Enrichment in Captive Primates: A Survey and Review [Dissertation]. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

The lives of captive primates everywhere could be enhanced by developing programmes by which keepers could gain greater access to published information and freedom to use this in their daily work, particularly in the care...

Dennis, M. B. , Van Joosier, G. L. 1994. North American legislation and regulation of the use of live animals for scientific research. In: Handbook of Laboratory Animal Science Volume 1 - Selection and Handling of Animals in Biomedical Research. Svendsen, P. , Hau, J. (eds), 23-35. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Desmond, T., Laule, G. E. 1994. Use of positive reinforcement training in the management of species for reproduction. Zoo Biology 13, 471-477.

Summary of successful training programs related to reproduction.

Dettling, A., Pryce, C. 1994. Physical environment and its influence on behaviour in captive common marmosets. European Marmoset Research Group Newsletter 3, 2 (Abstract).
Crockett, C. M., Bowers, C. L., Bowden, D. M. et al. 1994. Sex differences in compatibility of pair-housed adult longtailed macaques. American Journal of Primatology 32, 73-94.

Prefamiliarized partners were paired without ascertaining that they had established their dominance-subordination relationship. Newly formed pairs were separated for 17 hours and subsequently reintroduced daily during a study period of 23 days. Under these extraordinary...