Refinement Database

Database on Refinement of Housing, Husbandry, Care, and Use of Animals in Research

This database, created in 2000, is updated every four months with newly published scientific articles, books, and other publications related to improving or safeguarding the welfare of animals used in research.

Tips for using the database:

  • This landing page displays all of the publications in the database.
  • Use the drop-down menus to filter these publications by Animal Type, Setting, and/or Topic.
  • Clicking on a parent category (e.g., Rodent) will include publications relating to all the items in that category (e.g., Chinchilla, Gerbil, Guinea Pig, etc.).
  • You may also add a keyword to further narrow your search.
  • Please note that at this time, only publications dated 2010 or later (with some exceptions) can be filtered by Animal Type and Topic, and only publications dated 2020 or later (with some exceptions) can be filtered by Setting. Most publications older than 2010 can only be searched by keyword. 
Laule, G. E. 1992. Addressing psychological well-being: Training as enrichment. The Shape of Enrichment 1(2), 11-12 .

In my 14 years of training a wide variety of animals, my personal observations have always supported what I considered an obvious truth - training is good for animals.

Lambeth, S. P., Bloomsmith, M. A. 1992. Mirrors as enrichment for the captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). The Newsletter 3(3), 1.

No quantitative studies have focused on the properties of a mirror and its use as a social enrichment tool. We did an observation study, which included 239 12-minute sessions over a four month period to...

Koran, L. M., Ringold, A., Hewlett, W. 1992. Fluoxetine for trichotillomania: an open clinical trial. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 28, 145-149.
Johnstone-Scott, R. 1992. The integration of Julia. International Zoo News 39(6), 18-26.

Successful integration procedure of an adult female gorilla into an established breeding group is described.

Institute for Laboratory Animal Research 1992. Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

The purposes of this book are to increase awareness of the sources and manifestations of stress and distress in laboratory animals and to increase ethical sensitivity in those who use and care for them. (It...

Hunt, S. J., Hart, L. A., Gomulkiewicz, R. 1992. Role of small animals in social interactions between strangers. Journal of Social Psychology 132, 245-256.
Horam, C. J., Harewood, W. J., Phippard, A. F. et al. 1992. Environmental enrichment for a colony of outdoor housed baboons. Australian Primatology 7(1), 11 (Abstract).

Two types of perches and ceiling puzzle feeding of whole foods were tried for single- and group-housed animals.

Heath, S. J., Shimoji, M., Tumanguil, J. et al. 1992. Peanut puzzle solvers quickly demonstrate aptitude. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 31(1), 12-13.

Only one third of the [single-housed] subjects solved the puzzle.

Haugie, E. 1992. An evaluation of companion pets with elderly psychiatric patients. Behavioural Psychotherapy 20, 367-372.
Harper, P. 1992. Behavioural enrichment of Adelaide Zoo's sole male orangutan. Australian Primatology 6(4), 2-9.

Certainly, the results show that his activity levels of foraging [at the probe feeder] and eating are being raised; he is being stimulated to make and use tools, and by the same token, the levels...

Guaitani, A. 1992. Laboratory animal science in Italy: Legislation, education, and training programs. Lab Animal 21(8), 39-43.

Laboratory animal science in Italy: Legislation, education, and training programs.

Grief, L., Fritz, J., Maki, S. 1992. Alternative forage types for captive chimpanzees. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 31(2), 11-13.

Chicken scratch, because it is small and harder to find [in the litter], elicited the most foraging of the three foods ['sweet feed', popcorn]. It is very encouraging to see the chimpanzees still foraging late...

Gordon, W. 1992. Getting to know Ndume. Gorilla 15(2), 4-6.

Familiarization and subsequent, successful pair formation procedure of an adult female (Koko) and adult male gorilla (Ndume) are described in detail.

Gerin, W., Pieper, C., Levy, R. et al. 1992 . Social support in social interaction: a moderator of cardiovascular reactivity. Psychosomatic Medicine 54, 324-326.

This study examines the possibility that social support operates as a moderator of cardiovascular reactivity, which may be a factor in the development of heart disease and hypertension. An experiment was performed in which each...

Gilloux, I., Gurnell, J., Shepherdson, D. 1992. An enrichment device for great apes. Animal Welfare 1(4), 279-289.

The influence of an environmental enrichment feeding device (puzzle feeder), on activity and behaviour patterns of captive orang-utans, gorillas and chimpanzees was studied at London Zoo. General activity levels and behaviours directed towards the feeder...

Fritz, J., Maki, S., Nankivell, B. 1992. Space use for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology 27, 29 (Abstract).

This indicates social changes may have a stronger effect on space use than enclosure size change. Maintaining social group integrity when animals are moved to new enclosures may be the best way to ensure psychological...

Fritz, J., Maki, S., Nash, L. T. et al. 1992. The relationship between forage material and levels of coprophagy in captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biology 11, 313-318.

Coprophagy scores were higher when chicken scratch or sweet feed [cracked corn, grain, rolled corn/barley] were available than when popcorn was available. Levels of coprophagy may be lowered by offering wadging materials [e.g., corn cobs...

Fulk, R. , Garland, C. 1992. Design. In: The Care and Management of Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) in Captive Environments. Fulk, T. , Garland, C. (ed), 143-170. North Carolina Zoological Society, North Carolina Zoological Park, NC.

General discussion of environmental enrichment.

Fried, J., Whitehouse, M. 1992. A pre-post occupancy comparison of activity budgets and habitat utilization in a group of captive mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). American Journal of Primatology 27, 28 (Abstract).

For the group as a whole, feeding, traveling and object oriented behaviors increased, and stereotypic behaviors decreased in the naturalistic environment.

Field, K. J., Denny, J., Kubicz, G. 1992. Nonhuman primate socialization and environmental enrichment using a transfer tunnel. Laboratory Primate Newsletter 31(2), 5-6.

We use a vertical stainless steel transfer tunnel to provide an enlarged and novel cage design, to promote socialization and to offer a foraging area.

Erwin, J. , Landon, J. C. 1992. Spacious biocontainment suites for chimpanzees in infectious disease research*. In: Chimpanzee Conservation and Public Health: Environments for the Future. Erwin, J. , Landon, J. C. (eds), 65-69. Diagnon/Bioqual, Rockville, MD.

A system of contained housing for chimpanzees involved infectious diseases research is described. The system consists primarily of stainless steel wall and door frames fitted with laminated 'bullet-proof' glass. The system promotes social housing when...

Edwards, S. 1992. Developing and implementing a training program. Gorilla Gazette 6(3), 9-10.

Using one trainer with a constant training style provides clearer direction and usually speeds the initial training. When developing a training program, have a firm commitment to the project from your superiors and be committed...

Edney, A. T. 1992. Companion animals and human health. Veterinary Record 130, 285-287.

Pets, or companion animals, are said to be good for people. Until recently there has been little serious study of the effects on people's health of their interactions with companion animals. This is in spite...

Edens, J. L., Larkin, K. T., Abel, J. L. 1992. The effect of social support and physical touch on cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress. Psychosomatic Research 36, 371-382.

To examine the effects of social support on cardiovascular reactions to behavioral stress, the present study tested the relative contribution of three elements of social support: the presence of another person in the laboratory; the...

DuBois, T. 1992. An exhibit for drills: From drab to dazzling. The Shape of Enrichment 1(1), 1-3.

We have been interested in using environmental enrichment as a possible tool for increasing the time the drills spend in species-typical behaviors such as foraging, exploration, and social interactions and for decreasing aberrant self-directed behaviors.