Carbonaro, D. A., Friend, T. H., Dellmeier, G. R. et al. 1992. Behavioral and physiological responses of dairy goats to isolation. Physiology and Behavior 51, 297-301.
Goats show significant physiological [increased plasma norepinephrine] and behavioral responses [vocalization, trotting, rearing] to being kept alone without contact with other goats.
Year
1992