Morton, W. R., Knitter, G. H., Smith, P. M. et al. 1987. Alternatives to chronic restraint of nonhuman primates. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 191, 1282-1286.

Despite attention to details of conditioning and daily assessments of the animals' health status, chronic chair restraint is accompanied by inherent problems such as skin abrasions, necrosis of the ischial callosities, position-dependent edema, inguinal hernia, rectal prolapse, and laryngeal air sacculitis. A tether restraint system is described to avoid problems associated with chair restraint.