Shyu, W. C., Nightingale, C. H., Tsuji, A. et al. 1987. Effect of stress on pharmocokinetics of amikacin and ticarcillin. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 76, 265-266.

Aberrant serum ticarcillin concentrations were measured when the animals were simply picked out, put on a laboratory bench, and wrapped in a towel to restrain them for blood collection. No aberration occurred in quasi trained rats who were handled daily for 3-4 d prior to study and then held and petted by the investigator throughout the experimental period. No towel was needed to restrain these rats. In the amikacin group, 'trained' rats showed a much slower absorption process compared with conventionally handled rats. Alterations in renal flow due to the stress resulting from the traditional handling procedure may have affected pharmocokinetics.