Poole, T. B. , Thomas, A. W. 1985. Recommendations, Guidelines and Information for Biomedical Research Involving Non-Human Primates With Emphasis on Health Problems of Developing Countries. European Commission DG-XII INCO ProgrammePrimate Vaccine Evaluation Network (PVEN) , Brussels, Belgium.

Indicators of inadequate welfare in nonhuman primates:- a very restricted range of activities in relation to those normal to the species in the natural environment;- the development of abnormal and stereotyped behaviours, such as eye-poking ..., auto-aggression and self-mutilation, repetitive cage circling or head flicking;- animals who are apathetic and unresponsive to stimuli ...;- lack of confidence or fear in the presence of care-givers or conspecifics;- the inability to rest in a relaxed fashion ...?For primates, facilities for climbing should be provided, because their space requirements are three dimensional. The height of the cage is critical because most primates have a vertical flight reaction to danger and should be able to perch above human eye level. .... The provision of compatible companions greatly extends the range of activities possible for the individual. Primates should, unless there is a compelling reason for not doing so, be housed socially.